0 Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu)

Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma atractylodis

Botanical Name: 1. Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.; 2. A. chinensis (DC.) Koidz.; 3. Atractylodes japonica koidz. ex Kitam.

Common Name: Atractylodes rhizome

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The rhizomes are dug in spring or autumn; those gathered in autumn are better. After the fibrous roots have been removed, the rhizomes are cleaned and dried in the sun, soaked in water and cut into slices. The raw slices are then fried until yellowish in color.

Properties & Taste: Pungent, bitter and warm.

Meridians: Spleen and stomach.

Functions: 1. To dry dampness and strengthen the spleen; 2. To expel wind and dampness; 3. To promote sweating

Indications & Combinations:

1. Dampness blocking the spleen and stomach manifested as epigastric distension and fullness, poor appetite, nausea or vomiting, lassitude and sticky tongue coating: Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu) is used with Magnolia bark (Houpo) and Tangerine peel (Chenpi) in the formula Pingwei San.

2. Wind-cold-damp obstruction syndrome manifested as swollen and painful knee joints and weakness of the lower limbs: Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu) is used with Chaenomeles fruit (Mugua), Mulberry twigs (Sangzhi) and Pubescent angelica root (Duhuo).

3. Exterior syndrome due to invasion by exogenous pathogenic wind, cold and dampness manifested as soreness and heaviness of the limbs, chills, fever, headache and heavy sensation in the head: Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu) is used with Ledebouriella root (Fangfeng) and Asarum herb (Xixin).

4. Downward flow of damp-heat manifested as swollen and painful knees and legs and weakness of the lower limbs: Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu) is used with Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) and Cyathula root (Niuxi) in the formula Sanmiao Wan.

Dosage: 5-10 g

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0 Astragalus root (Huangqi)

Astragalus root (Huangqi)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Astragali

Botanical Name: 1. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.; 2. Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao

Common Name: Astragalus root

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The four year old roots are dug in spring or autumn, but autumn ones are of better quality. After the fibrous roots are removed, the roots are dried in the sun, soaked again in water and cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Sweet and slightly warm.

Meridians: Spleen and lung

Functions: 1. To replenish qi and cause yang to ascend; 2. To benefit qi and stabilize the exterior; 3. To release toxins and promote healing; 4. To promote water metabolism and reduce edema

Indications & Combinations:

1. Deficient qi of the spleen and lungs manifested as poor appetite, loose stool, shortness of breath and lassitude: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Ginseng (Renshen) and White atractylodes (Baizhu).

2. Deficient qi and weakened yang manifested as chills and sweating: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Prepared aconite root (Fuzi).

3. Qi sinking in the middle jiao due to weakness of the spleen and stomach manifested as prolapsed anus, prolapsed uterus and gastroptosis: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Ginseng (Renshen), White atractylodes (Baizhu) and Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) in the formula Buzhong Yiqi Tang.

4. Failure of deficient qi of the spleen in controlling blood manifested as blood in the stool and uterine bleeding: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Ginseng (Renshen) and Chinese angelica root (Danggui) in the formula Guipi Tang.

5. Deficiency of qi and blood manifested as palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and forgetfulness: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Longan aril (Longyanrou), Wild jujube seed (Suanzaoren) and Polygala root (Yuanzhi) in the formula Guipi Tang.

6. Spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Oyster shell (Muli), Light wheat (Fuxiaomai) and Ephedra root (Mahuanggen) in the formula Muli San.

7. Night sweating due to yin deficiency and excessive fire: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang) and Phellodendron bark (Huangbai) in the formula Danggui Liuhuang Tang.

8. Deficiency of the spleen leading to dysfunction in transportation and transformation of water manifested as edema and scanty urine: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Tetrandra root (Fangji) and White atractylodes (Baizhu) in the formula Fangji Huangqi Tang.

9. Boils and ulcers due to qi and blood deficiency manifested as sores that have formed pus but have not drained or healed well: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Cinnamon bark (Rougui), Chinese angelica root (Danggui) and Ginseng (Renshen).

10. Retardation of circulation of the blood due to deficiency of qi and blood manifested as hemiplegia: Astragalus root (Huangqi) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui), Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) and Earthworm (Dilong) in the formula Buyang Huanwu Tang.

Dosage: 10-15 g (The maximum dosage can be 30-60 g.)

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during yin deficiency and hyperactivity of yang, qi stagnation and accumulation of dampness, retention of food, exterior excess syndrome, and the early stage of carbuncles and furuncles.

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0 Aster root (Ziwan)

Aster root (Ziwan)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Asteris

Botanical Name: Aster tataricus L. f.

Common Name: Aster root, Purple aster root

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots, or rhizomes, are dug in spring or autumn. Then they are cleaned, dried in the sun and cut into pieces.

Properties & Taste: Bitter, sweet and slightly warm.

Meridian: Lung.

Functions: To resolve phlegm and stop cough.

Indications & Combinations: Cough: a) cough due to invasion by exogenous pathogenic factors manifested as cough with profuse sputumAster root (Ziwan) is used with Schizonepeta (Jingjie) and Swallowwort rhizome (Baiqian); b) cough due to deficiency of the lungs manifested as cough with scanty sputum or with bloody sputum. Aster root (Ziwan) is used with Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuanbeimu) and Donkey hide gelatin (Ejiao) in the formula Ziwan Tang.

Dosage: 5-10 g

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0 Asparagus root (Tianmendong)

Asparagus root (Tianmendong)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Asparagi

Botanical Name: Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Common Name: Asparagus root.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The tuberous roots are dug in autumn. After the fibrous roots have been removed, the roots are boiled in hot water or steamed, and soaked again in clear water. The roots are then dried in the sun or baked. Finally, they are cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Sweet, bitter and very cold.

Meridians: Lung and kidney.

Functions: 1. To clear the lungs and descend fire; 2. To nourish the yin and moisten dryness

Indications & Combinations:

1. Flaring up of fire caused by deficient yin of the lungs and kidneys manifested as scanty and sticky sputum or cough with bloody sputum: Asparagus root (Tianmendong) is used with Ophiopogon root (Maidong) in the formula Erdong Gao.

2. Consumption of yin and qi by febrile disease manifested as thirst, shortness of breath or diabetes: Asparagus root (Tianmendong) is used with Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang) and Ginseng (Renshen) in the formula Sancai Tang.

3. Constipation due to dryness in the intestines: Asparagus root (Tianmendong) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui) and Cistanche (Roucongrong).

Dosage: 6-15 g

Cautions & Contraindications: The herb is contraindicated in cases with deficiency and cold in the spleen and stomach, poor appetite or diarrhea.

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0 Asarum herb (Xixin)

Asarum herb (Xixin)

Pharmaceutical Name: Herba asari cum Radice.

Botanical Name: 1. Asarum hetrotropoides Fr. var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. 2. A. sieboldii Miq.

Common Name: Asarum herb, Wild ginger.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The entire plant is gathered in summer and dried in the shade.

Properties & Taste: Pungent and warm.

Meridians: Lung and kidney.

Functions: 1. To dispel cold and stop pain; 2. To warm the lungs and resolve phlegm-damp; 3. To relieve nasal congestion.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Headache, toothache and obstruction pain: a) wind-cold headache Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) in the formula Chuanxiong Cha Tiao San; b) wind-cold toothache Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Dahurian angelica root (Baizhi); c) toothache due to excessive heat in the stomach Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Gypsum (Shigao) and Scutellaria root (Huangqin); d) wind-cold-damp obstruction syndrome (joint pain) Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Notopterygium root (Qianghuo), Ledebouriella root (Fangfeng) and Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi).

2. Wind-cold exterior syndromes manifested as chills, fever, headache and general pain: Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Notopterygium root (Qianghuo) and Ledebouriella root (Fangfeng) in the formula Jiuwei Qianghuo Tang.

3. Cold phlegm fluid attacking the lungs manifested as asthma and cough with profuse, clear sputum: Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Ephedra (Mahuang) and Dried ginger (Ganjiang) in the formula Xiao Qinglong Tang.

4. Rhinorrhea manifested as copiously running nose, nasal congestion and headache: Asarum herb (Xixin) is used with Angelica root (Baizhi), Magnolia flower (Xinyi) and Mentha (Bohe).

Dosage: 1-3 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in headache due to deficient yin and hyperactivity of yang, or cough caused by heat in the lungs.

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0 Arnebia (Zicao)

Arnebia (Zicao)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Lithospermi seu Arnebiae.

Botanical Name: 1. Lithospermun erythrorhizon sieb. et zucc; 2. Arnebia euchroma (Royle Johnst); 3. Macrotomia euchroma.

Common Name: Lithospermun root, Arnebia root, Groomwell root.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots are dug in spring or autumn, dried in the sun, soaked in water and cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Sweet and cold.

Meridians: Heart and liver.

Functions: 1. To cool blood and invigorate blood; 2. To release toxins and bring the rash to the surface; 3. To promote bowel movement and moisten the intestines

Indications & Combinations:

1. Incomplete expression of rash in measles due to toxic heat in the blood: Arnebia (Zicao) is used with Cicada slough (Chantui), Arctium fruit (Niubangzi).

2. Maculopapule in febrile disease: Arnebia (Zicao) is used with Red peony (Chishao), Moutan bark (Mudanpi), Honeysuckle flower (Jinyinhua) and Forsythia fruit (Lianqiao).

3. Prevention of measles: Arnebia (Zicao) is used with Licorice root (Gancao).

4. Boils, carbuncles, burns and injury due to cold: Arnebia (Zicao) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui), Dahurian angelica root (Baizhi) and Dragon's blood (Xuejie) as an external application in the formula Shengji Yuhong Gao.

Dosage: 3-10 g

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during weakness of the spleen accompanied by diarrhea.

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0 Ark shell (Walengzi)

Ark shell (Walengzi)

Pharmaceutical Name: Concha Arcae.

Zoological Name: 1. Arca granosa L.; 2. Arca subcrenata Lischke; 3. Arca inflata Reeve.

Common Name: Ark shell.

Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The shells are collected from the sea when the tide is out. After the flesh is removed, the shell is dried and ground into powder.

Properties & Taste: Salty and neutral.

Meridians: Lung, stomach and liver.

Functions: 1. To resolve phlegm and stagnation; 2. To soften hardness and disperse nodules

Indications & Combinations:

1. Scrofula and goiter: Ark shell (Walengzi) is used with Seaweed (Haizao) and Laminaria (Kunbu).

2. Stomach pain and acid regurgitation: Ark shell (Walengzi) is used with Cuttlefish bone (Wuzeigu).

3. Subcutaneous nodules: Ark shell (Walengzi) is used with Burreed tuber (Sanleng), Zedoary (Ezhu) and Turtle shell (Biejia).

Dosage: 10-30 g

Cautions & Contraindications: The raw substance is used for nodules; the baked substance is better for treating acid regurgitation and pain.

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0 Arisaema tuber (Tiannanxing)

Arisaema tuber (Tiannanxing)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Arisaematis.

Botanical Name: 1. Arisaema consanguineum Schott.; 2. Arisaema amurense Maxim.; 3. Arisaema heterophyllum Bl.

Common Name: Arisaema tuber.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The tuberous rhizomes are dug in autumn or winter. After the fibrous roots and bark have been removed, the rhizomes are dried in the sun and cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Bitter, pungent and warm.

Meridians: Lung, liver and spleen.

Functions: 1. To dry dampness and resolve phlegm; 2. To dispel wind and stop spasms.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Phlegm-damp cough manifested as profuse, dilute and white sputum and stifling sensation in the chest: Arisaema tuber (Tiannanxing) is used with Pinellia tuber (Banxia), Tangerine peel (Chenpi) and Immature bitter orange (Zhishi) in the formula Daotan Tang.

2. Phlegm-heat in the lungs manifested as cough with profuse, yellow and thick sputum and stifling sensation in the chest: Arisaema tuber with bile (Dannanxing) is used with Scutellaria root (Huangqin) and Trichosanthes fruit (Gualou).

3. Wind-phlegm manifested as dizziness, vertigo, rattling sound in the windpipe, facial paralysis, epilepsy and convulsions in tetanus: Arisaema tuber (Tiannanxing) is used with Pinellia tuber (Banxia), Gastrodia tuber (Tianma) and Typhonium tuber (Baifuzi).

Dosage: 5-10 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during pregnancy. In general, the raw herb is not used for internal use.

Arisaema tuber with bile (Dannanxing)

When arisaema tuber is powdered and mixed with ox bile, it is called Arisaema tuber with bile (Dannanxing). The combination is bitter and cool. It clears heat and resolves phlegm, dispels wind and stops convulsions. It is used to treat convulsions, windstroke and epilepsy. The recommended dosage is 2-5 g.

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0 Areca seed (Binglang)

Areca seed (Binglang)

Pharmaceutical Name: Semen arecae.

Botanical Name: Areca cathechu L.

Common Name: Areca seed, Betel nut.

Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The seeds from the ripe fruit are collected in winter or spring. They are dried in the sun, soaked in water and cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Pungent, bitter and warm.

Meridians: Stomach and large intestine.

Functions: 1. To kill parasites; 2. To promote qi circulation; 3. To promote water metabolism

Indications & Combinations:

1. Parasites in the intestines (especially tapeworm): Areca seed (Binglang) is used with Pumpkin seed (Nanguazi).

2. Retention of food with abdominal distension and constipation or tenesmus in dysentery: Areca seed (Binglang) is used with Costus root (Muxiang), Bitter orange (Zhiqiao) and Rhubarb (Dahuang) in the formula Muxiang Binglang Wan.

3. Edema: Areca seed (Binglang) is used with Poria peel (Fulingpi) and Alismatis rhizome (Zexie).

4. Swollen and painful legs: Areca seed (Binglang) is used with Chaenomeles fruit (Mugua), Evodia fruit (Wuzhuyu) and Perilla leaf (Zisuye).

5. Side-effect of vomiting caused by intake of the herb Dichroa root (Changshan): Areca seed (Binglang) used with Dichroa root (Changshan) can lessen the latter's side-effect.

Dosage: 10-15 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in a person with weakness of the spleen accompanied by diarrhea.

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0 Arctium fruit (Niubangzi)

Arctium fruit (Niubangzi)

Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Arctii.

Botanical Name: Arctium lappa L.

Common Name: Arctium fruit, Burdock fruit.

Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The fruit is gathered in autumn and dried in the sun. The raw fruit can be used, or it can be baked and smashed and then used.

Properties & Taste: Pungent, bitter and cold.

Meridians: Lung and stomach

Functions: 1. To disperse wind-heat and benefit the throat; 2. To release toxins and bring rashes to the surface.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Sore throat caused by invasion of wind and heat: Arctium fruit (Niubangzi) is used with Platycodon root (Jiegeng), Mentha (Bohe) and Schizonepeta (Jingjie) in the formula Niubang Tang.

2. Incomplete expression of measles rash. To encourage rashes to the surface: Arctium fruit (Niubangzi) is used with Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma), Pueraria root (Gegen) and Mentha (Bohe).

3. Toxic heat manifested as swelling, carbuncles and mumps: Arctium fruit (Niubangzi) is used with Viola (Zihuadiding) and Wild chrysanthemum flower (Yejuhua).

Dosage: 3-10 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb should be used with caution. It is contraindicated in patients with diarrhea.

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0 Arborvitae seed (Baiziren)

Arborvitae seed (Baiziren)

Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Biotae.

Botanical Name: Biota orientalis (L.) Endl.

Common Name: Biota seed, Arborvitae seed.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The fruit is gathered in autumn. After being shelled and dried in the shade, the seeds are broken into pieces.

Properties & Taste: Sweet and neutral.

Meridians: Heart, kidney and large intestine.

Functions: 1. To nourish the blood and tranquilize the mind; 2. To moisten the intestines and move feces.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Deficient blood of the heart manifested as irritability, insomnia, palpitations and anxiety: Arborvitae seed (Baiziren) is used with Wild jujube seed (Suanzaoren) and Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi).

2. Night sweating due to yin deficiency: Arborvitae seed (Baiziren) is used with Ginseng (Renshen), Oyster shell (Muli) and Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi).

3. Constipation due to dryness in the intestines: Arborvitae seed (Baiziren) is used with Apricot seed (Xingren), Bush-cherry seed (Yuliren) and Peach seed (Taoren) in the formula Wuren Wan.

Dosage: 10-18 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with loose stool or excessive phlegm.

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0 Apricot seed (Xingren)

Apricot seed (Xingren)

Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Armeniacae.

Botanical Name: 1. Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu maxim.; 2. Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne; 3. Prunus sibirica L.

Common Name: Apricot seed, Bitter apricot seed or kernel.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The seeds are collected after the apricot ripens in summer. They are then dried in the sun and pounded into pieces.

Properties & Taste: Bitter, slightly warm and slightly toxic.

Meridians: Lung and large intestine.

Functions: 1. To stop cough and relieve asthma; 2. To moisten the intestines and move stool.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Cough and asthma: a) cough due to invasion by exogenous pathogenic wind and heatApricot seed (Xingren) is used with Mulberry leaf (Sangye) and Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) in the formula Sang Ju Yin; b) cough due to dysfunction of the lungs caused by dryness and heatApricot seed (Xingren) is used with Mulberry leaf (Sangye), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuanbeimu) and Glehnia root (Shashen) in the formula Sang Xing Tang; c) cough and asthma due to accumulated heat in the lungsApricot seed (Xingren) is used with Gypsum (Shigao) and Ephedra (Mahuang) in the formula Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang.

2. Constipation due to dryness in the intestines: Apricot seed (Xingren) is used with Hemp seed (Huomaren) and Chinese angelica root (Danggui) in the formula Runchang Wan.

Dosage: 3-10 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is slightly toxic, so overdosing should be avoided. It should be used with caution in infants.

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0 Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao)

Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao)

Pharmaceutical Name: Cornus Saigae Tataricae.

Zoological Name: Saiga tatarica L.

Common Name: Antelope's horn.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The antelope's horn is sawn off in autumn and ground into powder or cut into very thin slices.

Properties & Taste: Salty and cold.

Meridians: Liver and heart.

Functions: 1. To pacify the liver and subdue endogenous wind; 2. To clear liver fire and brighten the eyes; 3. To clear heat and release toxins.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Endogenous wind due to extreme heat manifested as high fever, spasms and convulsions: Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao) is used with Uncaria stem (Gouteng), Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) and Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang) in the formula Lingjiao Gouteng Tang.

2. Hyperactivity of liver yang manifested as dizziness, distending sensation in the head and blurred vision: Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao) is used with Sea-ear shell (Shijueming), Prunella spike (Xiakucao) and Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua).

3. Flaring up of liver fire manifested as red eyes, painful and swollen eyes and headache: Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao) is used with Capejasmine (Zhizi), Chinese gentian (Longdancao) and Cassia seed (Juemingzi) in the formula Lingyangjiao San.

4. High fever, loss of consciousness, delirium and mania: Antelope's horn (Lingyangjiao) is used with Gypsum (Shigao) and Rhinoceros horn (Xijiao) in the formula Zixue Dan.

Dosage: 1-3 g; 0.3-0.5 g for powder.

Antler (Lujiao), Antler glue (Lujiaojiao) and Deglued antler powder (Lujiaoshuang)

Antler (Lujiao) is the ossified horn of a deer. Its taste is salty, its property warm. It enters the liver and kidney meridians. It tonifies the kidneys and strengthens yang. Although a weaker substitute for Pilose antler (Lurong), Antler (Lujiao) does invigorate the blood and reduce swelling. It is indicated for boils, ulcers, swelling, mastitis, pain due to blood stagnation and pain of tendons, bones and lower back. The recommended dosage is 5-10 g. Antler (Lujiao) is contraindicated during yin deficiency with excessive fire.

Antler glue (Lujiaojiao) is made from mature deer antlers. It is sweet, salty and warm, and enters the liver and kidney meridians, replenishing blood and essence and stopping bleeding. Antler glue (Lujiaojiao) is indicated for weakness of the body, vomiting, epistaxis, uterine bleeding, blood in the urine and yin boils. The recommended dosage is 5-10 g.

Deglued antler powder (Lujiaoshuang) is the residue from the process of preparing soft extract by cooking the deer horn for a long time. The astringent action of this substance is similar to that of Antler (Lujiao) but is less effective. Clinically, it is used mainly in cases of deficient kidney yang, deficiency and cold in the spleen and stomach, vomiting, poor appetite, frigidity, uterine bleeding, leukorrhagia, hemorrhage due to external injury, boils and ulcers. The recommended dosage is 10-15 g.

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0 Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu)

Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Anemarrhenae.

Botanical Name: Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.

Common Name: Anemarrhena rhizome.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The rhizomes are gathered in spring or autumn. After the fibrous roots have been removed, the rhizomes are cleaned, dried and soaked in water. Finally, the skin is peeled off, cut into slices and baked with salt.

Properties & Taste: Sweet, bitter and cold.

Meridians: Lung, stomach and kidney.

Functions: 1. To clear heat and reduce fire; 2. To nourish yin and moisten dryness

Indications & Combinations:

1. Excessive heat at the qi level: Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) is used with Gypsum (Shigao) in the formula Baihu Tang.

2. Cough due to heat in the lungs or dry cough due to deficient yin: Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) is used with Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuanbeimu) in the formula Ermu San.

3. Deficient yin of the lungs and kidneys with heat signs manifested as afternoon fever, night sweating and feverish sensation of the palms, soles and chest: Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) is used with Phellodendron bark (Huangbai).

4. Diabetes manifested as extreme thirst and hunger and profuse urine: Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) is used with Trichosanthes root (Tianhuafen), Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi), Ophiopogon root (Maidong) and Pueraria root (Gegen) in the formula Yuye Tang.

Dosage: 6-12 g

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in diarrhea due to weakness of the spleen.

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0 Amomum fruit (Sharen)

Amomum fruit (Sharen)

Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Amomi.

Botanical Name: 1. Amomum vilosum Lour.; 2. Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu; 3. A. xanthioides Wall.

Common Name: Amomum fruit.

Source of Earliest Record: Kaibao Bencao.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The fruit is gathered in summer or autumn, whenever it ripens. It is dried in the sun or in a low-temperature room and then mashed.

Properties & Taste: Pungent and warm.

Meridians: Spleen and stomach.

Functions: 1. To promote qi circulation and transform dampness;2. To calm fetus

Indications & Combinations:

1. Dampness blocking spleen and stomach or qi stagnation in the spleen manifested as distension and pain, no appetite, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea: Amomum fruit (Sharen) is used with Atractylodes rhizome (Cangzhu), Round cardamom seed (Baidoukou) and Magnolia bark (Houpo) for cases of dampness blocking the spleen and stomach. Amomum fruit (Sharen), Costus root (Muxiang) and Immature bitter orange (Zhishi) in the formula Xiang Sha Zhi Shu Wan are used for cases of qi stagnation due to retention of food. Amomum fruit (Sharen), Tangerine peel (Chenpi), Pilose asiabell root (Dangshen) and White atractylodes (Baizhu) in the formula Xiang Sha Liujunzi Wan are used for qi stagnation caused by weakness of the spleen.

2. Morning sickness or restless fetus: Amomum fruit (Sharen) is used with White atractylodes (Baizhu) and Perilla stem (Sugeng).

Dosage: 3-6 g.

Amomum shell (Sharenqiao)

The shell of Amomum fruit (Sharen) has similar properties and functions to the Amomum fruit (Sharen), however, the warming property of Amomum shell (Sharenqiao) is less strong and its ability to transform dampness and promote circulation of qi is weaker. This herb is indicated in qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, epigastric and abdominal distension and fullness, nausea, vomiting and poor appetite.

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0 American ginseng (Xiyangshen)

American ginseng (Xiyangshen)

Pharmaceutical Name: 1. Radix Panacis quinquefolii; 2. Radix ginseng americane.

Botanical Name: Panax quinquefolium L.

Common Name: American ginseng.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The three to six year old root is dug in autumn, dried in the sun and cut into slices.

Properties & Taste: Bitter, slightly sweet and cold.

Meridians: Heart, lung and kidney.

Functions: 1. To replenish qi and promote body fluids; 2. To nourish yin and clear heat

Indications & Combinations:

1. Deficient yin in the lungs and excessive fire manifested as asthma and cough with bloody sputum: American ginseng (Xiyangshen) is used with Ophiopogon root (Maidong), Donkey hide gelatin (Ejiao), Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhimu) and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuanbeimu).

2. Exhaustion of qi and yin from febrile disease manifested as thirst, irritability, shortness of breath and deficient pulse: American ginseng (Xiyangshen) is used with Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang), fresh Dendrobium (Shihu) and Ophiopogon root (Maidong).

Dosage: 3-6 g

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb should be cooked separately, then added into the decoction of other herbs. It is contraindicated for a person with cold and dampness in the stomach. It counteracts the herb Black false bellebore (Lilu). When frying or decocting, pots made from iron should not be used.

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0 Amber (Hupo)

Amber (Hupo)

Pharmaceutical Name: Succinus.

Botanical Name: Pinus spp.

Common Name: Amber, Succinus.

Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The brownish fossil resin is taken from a pine tree which has been buried underground for a long time. It is then ground into powder.

Properties & Taste: Sweet and neutral.

Meridians: Heart, liver and urinary bladder.

Functions: 1. To calm and tranquilize the mind; 2. To invigorate the blood and release stagnation; 3. To promote urination.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Infantile convulsions and epilepsy: Amber (Hupo) is used with Centipede (Wugong) and Scorpion (Quanxie).

2. Palpitations, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep: Amber (Hupo) is used with Wild jujube seed (Suanzaoren) and Multiflower knotweed (Yejiaoteng).

3. Dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea due to blood stagnation: Amber (Hupo) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui), Zedoary (Ezhu) and Lindera root (Wuyao) in the formula Hupo San.

4. Urinary tract disorders manifested as frequent urination, painful urination, bloody urine or calculus formation in the urinary tract: Amber (Hupo) is used with Lysimachia (Jinqiancao), Clematis stem (Mutong) and Imperata rhizome (Baimaogen).

Dosage: 1.5-3 g (powder form).

Cautions & Contraindications: This substance is used in powder and pills, not in decoctions.

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0 Aloes (Luhui)

Aloes (Luhui)

Pharmaceutical Name: Aloe.

Botanical Name: 1. Aloe vera L.; 2. Aloe ferox Mill.

Common Name: Aloes.

Source of Earliest Record: Yaoxing Lun.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The leaves are gathered all year round. The juice is squeezed out of the leaves, boiled until it makes a thick soup and then put into a container and stored in a cool place.

Properties & Taste: Bitter and cold.

Meridians: Liver and large intestine.

Functions: 1. To purge feces; 2. To clear heat in the liver; 3. To kill worms.

Indications & Combinations:

1. Constipation accompanied by excessive fire in the liver meridian manifested as constipation, dizziness, headache and irritability: Aloes (Luhui) is used with Chinese gentian (Longdancao), Capejasmine (Zhizi), Natural indigo (Qingdai) and Chinese angelica root (Danggui) in the formula Danggui Luhui Wan.

2. Abdominal pain caused by accumulation of worms manifested as sallow complexion and emaciation: Aloes (Luhui) is used with herbs that kill worms, in a formula such as Feier Wan.

Dosage: 1-2 g.

Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is combined with other herbs in pills or powder, but should not be used in a decoction. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and in cases with weakness of the spleen and stomach manifested as poor appetite or diarrhea.

b)  Herbs That Lubricate the Intestines.

These herbs are mostly seeds of plants which contain oil that lubricates the intestines and moves the stool. They are indicated in constipation due to deficient body fluids in an aged person or weakness of the body due to chronic disease. This category of herbs is often used in combination with herbs that nourish blood or promote circulation of qi, so as to strengthen the function of lubricating intestines for normal bowel movement.

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0 Alismatis rhizome (Zexie)

Alismatis rhizome (Zexie)

                                                 

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Alismatis.

Botanical Name: Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.

Common Name: Alismatis rhizome, Water plantain tuber.

Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.

Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The rhizomes are dug in winter. After the fibrous roots and bark have been removed, the rhizomes are soaked in water, cut into slices and dried in the sun.

Properties & Taste: Sweet or no taste and cold.

Meridians: Kidney and urinary bladder.

Functions: To transform dampness and promote water metabolism.

Indications & Combinations: Dysuria, turbid urine, edema, diarrhea and profuse leukorrhea, or retention of phlegm and fluids, leading to dizziness, vertigo, palpitation and cough. Alismatis rhizome (Zexie) is used with Poria (Fuling), Umbellate pore-fungus (Zhuling) and White atractylodes (Baizhu) in the formula Wuling San.

Dosage: 5-10 g.

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